Period of Revelation
Verses 56 to 60 clearly show that this Sura was sent down a little before the migration to Habash
and this is supported by the internal evidence of the subject matter as well. Some commentators have opined that since it mentions the hypocrites
and hypocrisy appeared in Madinah
the first ten verses of this Sura were revealed at Madinah and the rest of it at Makkah; whereas the people whose hypocrisy has been mentioned here are those who had adopted a hypocritical way of life because they were afraid of the oppression and extreme physical torture to which the Muslims were being subjected by the disbelievers. Evidently
this kind of hypocrisy could be there only at Makkah and not at Madinah. Similarly
some other commentators
seeing that in this Sura the Muslims have been exhorted to migrate
have regarded it as the last Sura to be revealed at Makkah
whereas the Muslims had migrated to Habash even before their migration to Madinah. These opinions are not based on any tradition but on the internal evidence of the subject matter
and this internal evidence
when considered against the subject matter of the Sura as a whole
points to the conditions prevailing in the time of the migration to Habash and not to the last stage at Makkah.
Theme and Subject matter
A perusal of the Sura shows that the period of its revelation was the period of extreme persecution of the Muslims at Makkah. The disbelievers were opposing and fighting Islam tooth and nail and the new converts were being subjected to the severest oppression. Such were the conditions when Allah sent down this Sura to strengthen and encourage the sincere Muslims as well as to put to shame those who were showing weakness of the faith. Besides
the disbelievers of Makkah have been threatened and warned not to invite for themselves the fate that the antagonists of the Truth have been experiencing in every age. In this connection
the questions that some young men were facing in those days
have also been answered. For instance
their parents were urging them to abandon Muhammad (may Allah's peace be upon him)
and return to their ancestral religion
for they argued: "The Qur'an in which you have put your faith
regards the rights of the parents as the uppermost; therefore
listen to what we say; otherwise you will be working against the dictates of your own Faith." This has been answered in verse 8. Similarly
the people of some clans said to the new converts to Islam
Leave the question of punishments
etc.
to us. Listen to us and abandon this man. If God seizes you in the Hereafter
we will come forward and say
'Lord
these people are innocent: we had forced them to give up the Faith; therefore
seize us'.
This has been dealt with
in vv. 12-13. The stories mentioned in this Sura also impress the same point mostly
as if to say
Look at the Prophets of the past: they were made to suffer great hardships and were treated cruelly for long periods. Then
at last they were helped by Allah. Therefore
take heart: Allah's succour will certainly come. But a period of trial and tribulation has to be undergone.
Besides teaching this lesson to the Muslims
the disbelievers also have been warned
as if to say
If you are not being immediately seized by Allah
you should not form the wrong impression that you will never be seized. The signs of the doomed nations of the past are before you. Just see how they met their doom and how Allah succoured the Prophets.
Then the Muslims have been instructed to thc effect: "If you feel that the persecution has becomc unbearable for you
you should give up your homes
instead of giving up your Faith: Allah's earth is vast: seek a new place where you can worship Allah with the full peace of mind." Besides aIl this
the disbelievers also have been urged to understand Islam. The realities of Tauhidand the Hereafter have been impressed with rational arguments
shirkhave been refuted
and drawing their attention towards the signs in the universe
they have been told that all these Signs confirm the teachings that the Prophet is presenting before them.